Pathways
alanine metabolism (BRENDA)






EC Number
Reaction
Pathways
Reaction IDs
Stoichiometry Check
Missing Substrate
Missing Product
Commentary
Remark
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
propionate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
glutaconate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
acrylyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
propanoyl-CoA + NAD+ = acryloyl-CoA + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
acrylyl-CoA reductase (NADH)
propanoyl-CoA + NAD+ = acryloyl-CoA + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
lactoyl-CoA dehydratase
(R)-lactoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
propionate CoA-transferase
(R)-lactate + propionyl-CoA = propionate + (R)-lactoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
enoyl-CoA hydratase
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
acetate-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
propionate-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
phenylacetate-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
3-(methylthio)propionyl-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
methylamine dehydrogenase (amicyanin)
spermidine + acceptor + H2O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-aminobutanal + reduced acceptor
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natural substrates
spermidine dehydrogenase
spermidine + acceptor + H2O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-aminobutanal + reduced acceptor
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natural substrates
3-aminopropionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = 3-aminopropanoate + NADPH
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natural substrates
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
3-aminopropionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = 3-aminopropanoate + NADPH
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natural substrates
putrescine oxidase
1,3-diaminopropane + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
primary-amine oxidase
1,3-diaminopropane + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
diamine oxidase
1,3-diaminopropane + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
glutamate synthase (NADH)
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments

GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments

GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments

GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments

GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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natural substrates
L-amino-acid dehydrogenase
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments

GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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natural substrates
L-lactate dehydrogenase
(R)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
D-lactate dehydrogenase
(R)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (NAD+)
(R)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
D-amino acid dehydrogenase (quinone)
a D-amino acid + H2O + a quinone = a 2-oxo carboxylate + NH3 + a quinol
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natural substrates
cysteine desulfurase
L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine
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natural substrates
2-aminoadipate transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
leucine transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
valine-pyruvate transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
alanine-oxo-acid transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
serine-pyruvate transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
valine-pyruvate transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
taurine-2-oxoglutarate transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
putrescine-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
taurine-pyruvate aminotransferase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid transaminase
D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
D-methionine-pyruvate transaminase
D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
D-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + D-glutamate
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid transaminase
D-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + D-glutamate
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natural substrates
aspartate 1-decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
glutamate decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
tyrosine decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
sulfinoalanine decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
aspartate 4-decarboxylase
L-aspartate = L-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
cystathionine gamma-lyase
L-aspartate = L-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
alanine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
amino-acid racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
ornithine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
aspartate racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
serine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
4-hydroxyproline epimerase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
arginine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid transaminase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
aspartate transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
alanine-oxo-acid transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
2-aminoadipate transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
glycine transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
tyrosine transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
glutamate-prephenate aminotransferase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
amino-acid racemase
L-aspartate = D-aspartate
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natural substrates
aspartate racemase
L-aspartate = D-aspartate
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natural substrates
D-aspartate oxidase
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
D-glutamate(D-aspartate) oxidase
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid oxidase
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
alanine dehydrogenase
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
valine dehydrogenase (NAD+)
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
valine dehydrogenase (NADP+)
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
leucine dehydrogenase
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NAD+)
5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+
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natural substrates
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+)
5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+
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natural substrates
maleimide hydrolase
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropanoate
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natural substrates
dihydropyrimidinase
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropanoate
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natural substrates
beta-ureidopropionase
3-ureidopropanoate + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3
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natural substrates
spermine oxidase
spermine + O2 + H2O = spermidine + 3-aminopropanal + H2O2
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natural substrates
non-specific polyamine oxidase
spermine + O2 + H2O = spermidine + 3-aminopropanal + H2O2
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natural substrates
L-lactate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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natural substrates
D-lactate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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-
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natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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-
-
-
natural substrates
L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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-
-
-
natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
hydroxypyruvate reductase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
diiodophenylpyruvate reductase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+

Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism

pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
proline-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
-
-
-
-
natural substrates, nucleotide
phenylalanine-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
-
-
-
-
natural substrates, nucleotide
lysine-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
-
-
-
-
natural substrates, nucleotide
alanine-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
-
-
-
-
natural substrates, nucleotide