Pathways
alanine metabolism (BRENDA)
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:= BRENDA, 
:= KEGG, 
:= MetaCyc, 
:= SABIO-RK
:= amino acid sequences 
:= show the reaction diagram
EC Number
Reaction
Pathways
Reaction IDs
Stoichiometry Check
Missing Substrate
Missing Product
Commentary
Remark
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
4-aminobutanal + NAD+ + H2O = 4-aminobutanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
propionate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
glutaconate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase
acetyl-CoA + propanoate = acetate + propanoyl-CoA
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natural substrates
acrylyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
propanoyl-CoA + NAD+ = acryloyl-CoA + NADH + H+
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
acrylyl-CoA reductase (NADH)
propanoyl-CoA + NAD+ = acryloyl-CoA + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
lactoyl-CoA dehydratase
(R)-lactoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
propionate CoA-transferase
(R)-lactate + propionyl-CoA = propionate + (R)-lactoyl-CoA
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: This is an alternative substrate reaction of EC 2.8.3.1.natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionate dehydrogenase
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase
3-hydroxypropanoate + NAD+ = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA dehydratase
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
enoyl-CoA hydratase
3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O
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natural substrates
acetate-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
; "show the reaction diagram")
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: two-step reaction (see R01354+R00926)natural substrates
propionate-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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: two-step reaction (see R01354+R00926)natural substrates
medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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: two-step reaction (see R01354+R00926)natural substrates
phenylacetate-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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: two-step reaction (see R01354+R00926)natural substrates
3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA synthase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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: two-step reaction (see R01354+R00926)natural substrates
3-(methylthio)propionyl-CoA ligase
ATP + propanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + propanoyl-CoA
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: two-step reaction (see R01354+R00926)natural substrates
methylamine dehydrogenase (amicyanin)
spermidine + acceptor + H2O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-aminobutanal + reduced acceptor
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
spermidine dehydrogenase
spermidine + acceptor + H2O = propane-1,3-diamine + 4-aminobutanal + reduced acceptor
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natural substrates
3-aminopropionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = 3-aminopropanoate + NADPH
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natural substrates
aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
3-aminopropionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O = 3-aminopropanoate + NADPH
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natural substrates
putrescine oxidase
1,3-diaminopropane + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + H2O2
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
primary-amine oxidase
1,3-diaminopropane + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
diamine oxidase
1,3-diaminopropane + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + H2O2
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natural substrates
glutamate synthase (NADH)
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+
: Arginine biosynthesis,Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
: L-ornithine biosynthesis II,GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
; "show the reaction diagram")
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: NADPH (ec 1.4.1.3 and 1.4.1.4, see R00248)natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+
: Arginine biosynthesis,Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
: L-ornithine biosynthesis II,GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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: NADPH (ec 1.4.1.3 and 1.4.1.4, see R00248)natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+
: Arginine biosynthesis,Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
: L-ornithine biosynthesis II,GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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: NADPH (ec 1.4.1.3 and 1.4.1.4, see R00248)natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+
: Arginine biosynthesis,Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
: L-ornithine biosynthesis II,GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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: NADPH (ec 1.4.1.3 and 1.4.1.4, see R00248)natural substrates
L-amino-acid dehydrogenase
L-glutamate + H2O + NAD+ = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + NADH + H+
: Arginine biosynthesis,Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism,
Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,
D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism,
Metabolic pathways,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments
: L-ornithine biosynthesis II,GABA shunt,
L-glutamate biosynthesis II,
L-glutamate degradation X,
L-glutamate degradation V (via hydroxyglutarate),
methylaspartate cycle,
4-aminobutanoate degradation V,
ethylene biosynthesis IV (engineered),
L-alanine degradation II (to D-lactate),
L-glutamate degradation I
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: NADPH (ec 1.4.1.3 and 1.4.1.4, see R00248)natural substrates
L-lactate dehydrogenase
(R)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
D-lactate dehydrogenase
(R)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (NAD+)
(R)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
D-amino acid dehydrogenase (quinone)
a D-amino acid + H2O + a quinone = a 2-oxo carboxylate + NH3 + a quinol
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
cysteine desulfurase
L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine
; "show the reaction diagram")
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: [Enzyme] is the enzyme itself [KO:K04487].natural substrates
2-aminoadipate transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
; "show the reaction diagram")
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: Also acts on L-isoleucine and L-leucine.natural substrates
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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: Also acts on L-isoleucine and L-leucine.natural substrates
leucine transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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: Also acts on L-isoleucine and L-leucine.natural substrates
valine-pyruvate transaminase
L-valine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-glutamate
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: Also acts on L-isoleucine and L-leucine.natural substrates
alanine-oxo-acid transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
serine-pyruvate transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
valine-pyruvate transaminase
L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
taurine-2-oxoglutarate transaminase
beta-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-oxopropanoate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
putrescine-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
taurine-pyruvate aminotransferase
L-alanine + 3-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid transaminase
D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
D-methionine-pyruvate transaminase
D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
D-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + D-glutamate
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid transaminase
D-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + D-glutamate
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natural substrates
aspartate 1-decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
glutamate decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
tyrosine decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
sulfinoalanine decarboxylase
L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
aspartate 4-decarboxylase
L-aspartate = L-alanine + CO2
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
cystathionine gamma-lyase
L-aspartate = L-alanine + CO2
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natural substrates
alanine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
amino-acid racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
ornithine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
aspartate racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
2-aminohexano-6-lactam racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
serine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
4-hydroxyproline epimerase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
arginine racemase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
D-amino-acid transaminase
L-alanine = D-alanine
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natural substrates
aspartate transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
alanine-oxo-acid transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
alanine transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
2-aminoethylphosphonate-pyruvate transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
2-aminoadipate transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
glycine transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
tyrosine transaminase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
glutamate-prephenate aminotransferase
L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate
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natural substrates
amino-acid racemase
L-aspartate = D-aspartate
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
aspartate racemase
L-aspartate = D-aspartate
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natural substrates
D-aspartate oxidase
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
; "show the reaction diagram")
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: see R00357natural substrates
D-glutamate(D-aspartate) oxidase
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
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: see R00357natural substrates
D-amino-acid oxidase
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
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: see R00357natural substrates
alanine dehydrogenase
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
valine dehydrogenase (NAD+)
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
valine dehydrogenase (NADP+)
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
leucine dehydrogenase
L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H+
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natural substrates
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NAD+)
5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+)
5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ = uracil + NADPH + H+
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natural substrates
maleimide hydrolase
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropanoate
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
dihydropyrimidinase
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O = 3-ureidopropanoate
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natural substrates
beta-ureidopropionase
3-ureidopropanoate + H2O = beta-alanine + CO2 + NH3
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
spermine oxidase
spermine + O2 + H2O = spermidine + 3-aminopropanal + H2O2
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
non-specific polyamine oxidase
spermine + O2 + H2O = spermidine + 3-aminopropanal + H2O2
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natural substrates
L-lactate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
; "show the reaction diagram")
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natural substrates
D-lactate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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natural substrates
L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
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natural substrates
L-2-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+]
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
hydroxypyruvate reductase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
malate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
diiodophenylpyruvate reductase
(S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),Pyruvate metabolism,
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism,
Methane metabolism,
Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms,
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes,
Metabolic pathways,
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,
Microbial metabolism in diverse environments,
Carbon metabolism
: (S)-lactate fermentation to propanoate, acetate and hydrogen,pyruvate fermentation to propanoate I,
TCA cycle III (animals),
C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, NAD-ME type,
TCA cycle V (2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase),
formaldehyde assimilation I (serine pathway),
methylaspartate cycle,
gluconeogenesis I,
superpathway of glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid degradation,
TCA cycle II (plants and fungi),
TCA cycle I (prokaryotic),
anaerobic energy metabolism (invertebrates, cytosol),
partial TCA cycle (obligate autotrophs),
TCA cycle IV (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase),
reductive TCA cycle II,
incomplete reductive TCA cycle,
reductive TCA cycle I,
gluconeogenesis III,
glyoxylate cycle,
mixed acid fermentation,
malate/L-aspartate shuttle pathway
-
-
-
-
natural substrates
proline-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
; "show the reaction diagram")
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-
natural substrates, nucleotide
phenylalanine-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
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-
natural substrates, nucleotide
lysine-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
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-
natural substrates, nucleotide
alanine-tRNA ligase
ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla
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natural substrates, nucleotide